Asymptotic Analysis

Asymptotic expansions of integrals

I consider several examples of deriving asymptotic expansions of real and complex integrals. Such expansions are important in physics and widely used. But the derivation process often involves multiple stages, tricky changes of variable and tedious, error-prone calculations. I struggled with this subject as a student. In retrospect, I think my main problem was not being able to mentally visualize important aspects of the derivation. In the following notebooks, I take full advantage of the visualization capabilities of Mathematica to illustrate geometrical features such as steepest descent paths, saddle points, and contour deformations. Of course, having access to symbolic mathematics capabilities and the ability to cross-check intermediate analytical results against numerics also facilitates the derivations.

The following examples are taken from one of my favorite books – Advanced Mathematical Methods for Scientists and Engineers, Carl M. Bender and Steven A. Orszag. I also highly recommend the magnificent series of lecture videos by Carl Bender.

17-15 BenderOrszag Ex1p241 03-31-16

Valuation of an integral by the method of steepest descent – Example from p241 of Advanced Mathematical Methods for Scientists and Engineers, Carl M. Bender and Steven A. Orszag.

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17-16 BenderOrszag Ex2p253 09-14-15

Valuation of an integral by the method of integration by parts – Example from p253 of Advanced Mathematical Methods for Scientists and Engineers, Carl M. Bender and Steven A. Orszag.

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17-17 BenderOrszag Ex2p283 04-11-16

Valuation of an integral by the methods of integration by parts and steepest descent – Example from p283 of Advanced Mathematical Methods for Scientists and Engineers, Carl M. Bender and Steven A. Orszag.

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17-18 BenderOrszag Ex4-5-6-7 p289 04-18-16

Calculation of steepest descent/ascent curves passing through saddle points. Four examples from p289 of Advanced Mathematical Methods for Scientists and Engineers, Carl M. Bender and Steven A. Orszag. In some cases, approximate methods are required.

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17-19 BenderOrszag Ex8 p291 04-21-16

Evaluation of integral representation of Bessel function using the steepest descent method for a contour passing through a saddle point. Example from p291 of Advanced Mathematical Methods for Scientists and Engineers, Carl M. Bender and Steven A. Orszag.

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17-20 BenderOrszag Ex09 p294 04-30-16

Approximation of Gamma function using the saddle point method. Example from p294 of Advanced Mathematical Methods for Scientists and Engineers, Carl M. Bender and Steven A. Orszag.

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17-21 BenderOrszag Ex10 p296 04-30-16

Approximation of a real integral using the saddle point method. In this example, there is an interesting choice of how to deform the original contour of integration to pass through the saddle point. Example from p296 of Advanced Mathematical Methods for Scientists and Engineers, Carl M. Bender and Steven A. Orszag.

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17-22 BenderOrszag Ex11 p298 07-18-16

Obtaining the leading order asymptotic expansion of Subscript[J, k](k) as k -> \[Infinity]. Example from p298 of Advanced Mathematical Methods for Scientists and Engineers, Carl M. Bender and Steven A. Orszag.

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17-23 BenderOrszag Ex12 p299 07-20-16

Nontrivial example of steepest descent method for an integral. Example from p298 of Advanced Mathematical Methods for Scientists and Engineers, Carl M. Bender and Steven A. Orszag.

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17-38 Asymptotic analysis of Airy Eqn 07-23-16

I work through the integral representation of the Airy function, and the generation of asymptotic expansions using the method of steepest descent. Contours of integration have to be deformed through saddle points. Various visualizations of the analytical procedure are generated. Various manipulations of complex expressions and changes of variable are invoked.

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